Artificial skin

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a method for producing artificial skin, comprising: adding a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor and a heparanase inhibitor to an artificial skin formation culture medium comprising human epidermal keratinocytes and human dermal fibroblasts, culturing the cells in the artificial skin formation culture medium, and forming artificial skin.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.13/582,199, which is the U.S. National Stage application ofPCT/JP2011/050887, filed Jan. 19, 2011, which claims priority fromJapanese application JP 2010-048159, filed Mar. 4, 2010.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a novel method for producing artificialskin comprising the use of a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor and aheparanase inhibitor, and to novel artificial skin produced according tothat method.

BACKGROUND ART

Skin covers the entire bodies of various animals, including humans, andis exposed to the formation of wrinkles, hardening, age spots, darkeningand decreased elasticity and the like caused by aging and externalfactors such as sunlight, dryness, oxidation, environmental stress andpsychological stress.

Natural skin is broadly composed of two layers consisting of theepidermis and the dermis, and a thin, minute membrane referred to as theepidermal basement membrane is present between the epidermis and dermis.The epidermal basement membrane is an extremely thin structure having athickness of about 0.1 μm, and is present in the form of a sheet at thejunction between the epidermis and dermis. In addition to the epidermalbasement membrane having a basic structure comprised of the lamina densaand lamina lucida, it is also composed of keratinocyte hemidesmosomes,anchoring fragments, anchoring fibers and the like, and in particular,the basic structure thereof is composed of, for example, type IVcollagen and various types of laminins and proteoglycans. The maincomponent of epidermal basal cells and the basic structure, andparticularly the anchoring fragments bound to the lamina densa, islaminin-5, and the basic structure and dermal collagen fibers areconnected by anchoring fibers composed mainly of type VII collagen. Inaddition, the anchoring fragments and anchoring fibers are mutuallybound, and form complexes referred to as anchoring complexes. As aresult of having such a structure, the skin, which is present on theoutermost layer of the body, maintains a degree of strength capable ofwithstanding external mechanical stress (Encyclopedia of Cosmetics,Society of Cosmetic Chemists of Japan, pp. 405-406).

However, there is a growing demand for artificial skin to be used as asubstitute in the case original skin (namely, natural skin) has becomedamaged for some reason. In addition, it is also extremely important todevelop artificial skin for use as an experimental material for testingthe action of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics on the skin, and in eitherof these applications, there is a strong desire for artificial skin thatmimics the structure of natural skin as closely as possible.

A known method for producing artificial skin of the prior art consistsof culturing normal human epidermal keratinocytes on a shrunken collagengel containing human fibroblasts to form an epidermal layer. However, inthis method, since a basement membrane is not adequately formed betweenthe collagen gel that mimics the dermis and the epidermal layer thatmimics the epidermis, in the case of using this artificial skin,reformation of skin basement membrane was promoted by the administrationof a matrix metalloproteinase or both a matrix metalloproteinase and amatrix protein production promoter (Japanese Unexamined PatentPublication No. 2001-269398). In addition, substances that inhibitserine proteases, type IV or type VII collagen, which is the mainconstituent of the epidermal basement membrane, or substances thatenhance the production output of laminin-5 are known to promote thebasement membrane formation promoting effects of matrixmetalloproteinase inhibitors (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No.2004-75661). However, in the case of this artificial skin producedaccording to the prior art, the formation of higher-order structures ofthe epidermal basement membrane and the dermis remains undeveloped,thereby preventing adequate communication between the epidermal basementmembrane and the dermis.

In addition, although compounds that inhibit heparanase are known toimprove basement membrane function in the body and thereby inhibit theformation of wrinkles in the process by which wrinkles are formed in theskin (International Publication No. WO 2009/123215), the combination ofthese compounds with a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor is not knownto promote the reformation of epidermal basement membrane and dermis inartificial skin.

PRIOR ART DOCUMENTS Patent Documents

Patent Document 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No.2001-269398

Patent Document 2: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2004-75661

Patent Document 3: International Publication No. WO 2009/123215

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Problems to be Solved by the Invention

An object of the present invention is to provide artificial skin inwhich communication between the epidermal basement membrane and dermisis adequately achieved and is as close as possible to the structure ofnatural skin.

Means for Solving the Problems

When the inventor of the present invention formed artificial skin byadding a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor and a heparanase inhibitorto an artificial skin formation culture medium comprising humanepidermal keratinocytes and human dermal fibroblasts and culturing thecells in the culture medium, the inventor of the present inventionsucceeded in obtaining artificial skin in which higher-order structuresof the epidermal basement membrane and dermis approximated those ofnatural skin extremely closely.

Thus, the present application includes the inventions indicated below.

-   [1] A method for producing artificial skin, comprising: adding a    matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor and a heparanase inhibitor to an    artificial skin formation culture medium comprising human epidermal    keratinocytes and human dermal fibroblasts, culturing the cells in    the artificial skin formation culture medium, and forming artificial    skin.-   [2] Artificial skin, comprising: an epidermal basement membrane    containing a continuous lamina densa and anchoring fibers arising    from the lamina densa, and a dermis containing collagen fibers;    wherein, the epidermal basement membrane and the dermis are securely    adhered by bonding of the anchoring fibers arising from the    continuous lamina densa present in the epidermal basement membrane    to the collagen fibers present in the dermis.-   [3] The artificial skin described in [2] above, wherein the dermis    further contains fibripositors.-   [4] The artificial skin described in [2] or [3] above, wherein    elastic fibers are formed in the dermis.-   [5] The artificial skin described in any of [2] to [4] above, which    is produced according to the method described in [1] above.-   [6] Artificial skin consisting of artificial cells formed in a    culture medium containing a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor and a    heparanase inhibitor; wherein, the artificial cells comprise an    epidermal basement membrane containing a continuous lamina densa and    anchoring fibers arising from the lamina densa, and a dermis    containing collagen fibers, and the epidermal basement membrane and    the dermis are securely adhered by bonding of the anchoring fibers    arising from the continuous lamina densa present in the epidermal    basement membrane to the collagen fibers present in the dermis.

Effects of the Invention

The formation of a continuous, uniform lamina densa not observed inartificial skin of the prior art and anchoring fibers bound to thelamina densa was surprisingly confirmed within the epidermal basementmembrane of artificial skin obtained according to the method of thepresent invention. Moreover, fibripositors, which had previously onlybeen reported in natural skin, were observed in the dermis of theartificial skin, and the formation of elastic fibers, which areextremely difficult to reconstruct using conventional methods, was alsoconfirmed. These higher-order structures of the epidermal basementmembrane and dermis approximate those of natural skin extremely closely.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts electron micrographs showing the structures of basementmembranes of a control group, a skin model cultured by adding only amatrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor to a culture fluid (group A), askin model cultured by adding only a heparanase inhibitor to a culturefluid (group B) and a skin model cultured by adding both an MMPinhibitor and heparanase inhibitor to a culture fluid (group C).

FIG. 2 depicts electron micrographs showing fibroblasts present indermis directly beneath a basement membrane of a control group, a skinmodel cultured by adding only a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitorto a culture fluid (group A), a skin model cultured by adding only aheparanase inhibitor to a culture fluid (group B) and a skin modelcultured by adding both an MMP inhibitor and heparanase inhibitor to aculture fluid (group C). In contrast to the fibroblasts being normalfibroblasts in the control group, group A and group B, the fibroblastscontain fibripositors in group C.

FIG. 3 is an electron micrograph showing elastic fibers formed in thedermis of a skin model cultured by adding both an MMP inhibitor andheparanase inhibitor to a culture fluid (group C).

EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP) Inhibitor

There are no particular limitations on the matrix metalloproteinaseinhibitor used in the present invention provided it is a substancehaving inhibitory activity against matrix metalloproteinases. Examplesof matrix metalloproteinases include gelatinase, collagenase,stromelysin and matrilysin. Thus, a substance that inhibits gelatinase,collagenase, stromelysin or matrilysin and the like can be selected foruse as the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor.

Specific examples of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors includesubstance CGS27023A(N-hydroxy-2-[[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl](3-picolyl)amino]-3-methylbutanamidehydrochloride) (J. Med. Chem., 1997, Vol. 40, pp. 2525-2532), andMMP-inhibitor (p-NH2-Bz-Gly-Pro-D-Leu-Ala-NHOH) (FN-437) (BBRC, 1994,Vol. 199, pp. 1442-1446). Substance CGS27023A is preferably used for thematrix metalloproteinase inhibitor.

Heparanase Inhibitor

There are no particular limitations on the heparanase inhibitor used inthe present invention provided it is a substance that has inhibitoryactivity against heparanase. Heparanase is an enzyme that is present invarious cells that specifically decomposes heparan sulfate chains ofvarious heparan sulfate proteoglycans. In the skin, heparanase isproduced by epidermal keratinocytes that compose the epidermis,fibroblasts of the dermis, and intravascular endothelial cells.

A specific example of a heparanase inhibitor is1-[4-(1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-phenyl]-3-[4-(1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-phenyl]-urea.

Artificial Skin

Any arbitrary culture medium conventionally used in the production ofartificial skin can be used for the basal medium used to produceartificial skin in the present invention, and examples of these culturemedia include Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) containing 10%fetal bovine serum, DMEM-Ham's F-12 (3:1) medium containing 10% fetalbovine serum, 5 μg/ml of transferrin, 5 μg/ml of insulin, 2 nMtriiodothyronine, 0.1 nM cholera toxin and 0.4 μg/ml of hydrocortisone,and culture medium consisting of a 1:1 mixture of keratinocyte growthmedium (KGM) and DMEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum. Althoughvarying according to the type thereof, the amount of matrixmetalloproteinase inhibitor added to these basal media is typicallyabout 10 μg/L to 10 g/L, preferably about 100 μg/L to 1 g/L, andoptimally about 1 mg/L to 100 mg/L. In addition, although also varyingaccording to the type thereof, the amount of heparanase inhibitor addedto these basal media is typically about 10 μg/L to 100 g/L, preferablyabout 100 μg/L to 10 g/L, and optimally about 1 mg/L to 1 g/L.

In the production of artificial skin of the present invention, ashrunken type I collagen gel containing human fibroblasts is firstallowed to stand undisturbed on a metal mesh. The shrunken type Icollagen gel containing human fibroblasts can be prepared, for example,in the manner described below. After producing a collagen solutioncontaining suspended fibroblasts on ice, the collagen is gelled in aPetri dish to prepare a gel. Subsequently, the gel is peeled from thewalls of the Petri dish and the collagen gel is allowed to shrink in aCO₂ incubator.

Next, epidermal cells such as normal human epidermal keratinocytes arecultured on the collagen gel to form an epidermis. Formation of anepidermal layer by culturing skin cells can be carried out in the mannerdescribed below. A shrunken collagen gel is placed on a metal meshfollowed by placing a glass ring over the gel. A suspension of humanpreputial epidermal keratinocytes was placed in the glass ring toprevent leakage of liquid. The ring was removed after the keratinocytesadhered in the CO₂ incubator. The aforementioned culture medium wasfilled to the boundary of the epidermal layer, and culturing wascontinued while exposing the epidermal layer to air to form a hornylayer.

According to this method, artificial skin that approximates thestructure of natural skin extremely closely can be obtained within theextremely short time period of about 1 day to 4 weeks, and typicallyabout 4 days to 2 weeks, after the start of culturing. Morespecifically, the formation of a continuous, uniform lamina densa aswell as anchoring fibers bound to the lamina densa, which had not beenobserved in artificial skin of the prior art, were confirmed in theepidermal basement membrane of the artificial skin of the presentinvention.

The lamina densa serves as the basic structure of the epidermal basementmembrane and is composed of type IV collagen, various types of lamininsand proteoglycans. Anchoring fibers mainly composed of type VII collagenarise from the basic structure thereof in the form of the lamina densa,and these have the function of securely connecting the epidermalbasement membrane and dermis by intertwining with collagen fibers of thedermis. Thus, the formation of a continuous lamina densa in theepidermal basement membrane of the artificial skin of the presentinvention and the formation of anchoring fibers arising from the laminadensa means that the artificial skin of the present invention has anextremely high degree of strength with respect to external mechanicalstress in the same manner as natural skin.

More surprisingly, the formation of higher-order structures offibroblasts characterized by developed rough-surfaced endoplasmicreticulum and fibripositors was confirmed in the dermis of theartificial skin of the present invention. Secretory proteins are knownto be synthesized by membrane-bound ribosomes present withinrough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, fibripositors areknown to contain collagen fibrils and function as actin-richprotoplasmic membrane projections protruding from fibroblasts, andcollagen fibrils have been reported to be deposited in extracellularchannels formed by adjacent fibroblasts by these fibripositors(Elizabeth G. Canty, et al., The Journal of Cell Biology, Vol. 165, No.4, 2004, pp. 553-563, Elizabeth G. Canty, et al., The Journal ofBiological Chemistry, Vol. 281, No. 50, Dec. 15, 2006, Sally M.Humphries, et al., The Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 283, No.18, pp. 12129-12135, and Zoher Kapacee, et al., Matrix Biology, Vol. 27,2008, pp. 371-375). Thus, the fact that fibroblasts having developedrough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and fibripositors there within arepresent in the dermis of the artificial skin of the present inventionindicates that the function of fibroblasts present in the reformeddermis of the artificial skin is significantly activated by matrixmetalloproteinase inhibitor and heparanase inhibitor, and means that theproduction of the cell matrix in the form of secretory protein synthesisand collagen fibers is actively occurring in the artificial skin of thepresent invention in the same manner as in natural skin.

More importantly, the formation of elastic fibers, for whichreconstruction has been extremely difficult in conventional artificialskin, was confirmed in the dermis of the artificial skin of the presentinvention. Elastic fibers are mainly composed of microfibrils andamorphous elastin, and in natural skin, mature elastic fibers aredistributed between mesh-like layers of collagen fibers. The primaryfunction of elastic fibers is to impart elasticity to the skin andmaintain skin tightness. In addition, microfibrils running perpendiculardirectly beneath the basement membrane fulfill the important role ofconnecting the basement membrane to the dermis. Thus, the formation ofelastic fibers in the dermis of the artificial skin of the presentinvention is extremely important evidence indicating that the artificialskin of the present invention has a function similar to that of naturalskin.

The artificial skin of the present invention can be clinicallytransplanted as a substitute for natural skin in the case the body'snatural skin is subjected to lesions or damage for some reason. Inaddition, the artificial skin of the present invention can be appliedaesthetically to irregular skin surfaces in order to correct kelloidscars caused by burns, skin graft scars, surgical scars, deep wrinkles,deep wound scars, acne scars, large hair follicles or fine lines in theskin and the like. Moreover, the artificial skin of the presentinvention can also be used for skin hypersensitivity testing and testingof efficacy or toxicity of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, or forresearch on wound healing, cell migration, cancer cell invasion, cancercell metastasis or cancer progression and the like.

As has been described above, since the combination of a matrixmetalloproteinase inhibitor and heparanase inhibitor realizeshigher-order structures of the epidermal basement membrane and dermis ofartificial skin that approximate those of natural skin extremelyclosely, the combination thereof is useful as a culture fluid forforming the artificial skin of the present invention. Thus, in anotheraspect of the present invention, an artificial skin culture fluid isprovided that comprises a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor and aheparanase inhibitor. In addition, in the case of applying a matrixmetalloproteinase inhibitor and heparanase inhibitor to skin of thebody, regeneration and repair of the epidermal basement membrane anddermis are thought to be promoted. Thus, in still another aspect of thepresent invention, a skin activation composition for promoting theregeneration and repair of the epidermal basement membrane and/or dermisthat comprises one or a plurality of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitorsand heparanase inhibitors. Here, “skin activation” refers to theprevention and improvement of, for example, decreased skin functionaccompanying structural changes in the epidermal basement membraneand/or dermis attributable to aging and the like, and more specifically,the prevention and improvement of skin wrinkling and hardening.

The aforementioned artificial skin culture fluid or skin activationcomposition contains as active ingredients thereof contain a matrixmetalloproteinase inhibitor and heparanase inhibitor at concentrationsthat are sufficient for promoting regeneration and repair of theepidermal basement membrane and dermis, and these active ingredients aretypically respectively contained at 0.0000001% by weight to 10% byweight, and preferably 0.000001% by weight to 10% by weight, based onthe weight of the culture fluid or composition.

In addition, a vehicle such as that used when preparing theaforementioned artificial skin culture fluid or skin activationcomposition, as well as fragrances, oils, surfactants, antiseptics,metal ion sequestering agents, water-soluble polymers, thickeners,powdered ingredients, ultraviolet absorbers, moisturizers,pharmaceutical ingredients, antioxidants, pH adjusters, cleansingagents, drying agents or emulsions and the like can also be suitablyincorporated in the artificial skin culture fluid or skin activationcomposition. In the case of incorporating each of these ingredients inthe artificial skin culture fluid or skin activation composition of thepresent invention, it is necessary to incorporate these ingredientswithin a range that does not impair the desired effects of the presentinvention.

EXAMPLES 1. Skin Model Culturing Method

A skin model (EFT-400, MatTeK) was cultured in a specialized medium(EFT-400-ASY, MatTeK). Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and ethanol were addedto the specialized medium to a final concentration of 0.1% to serve as acontrol group, 50 mM1-[4-(1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-phenyl]-3-[4-(1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-phenyl]-urea(DMSO solvent) was added to the specialized medium to a finalconcentration of 50 μM to serve as a heparanase inhibitor group, 10 mMN-hydroxy-2-[[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl](3-picolyl)amino]-3-methylbutanamidehydrochloride (CGS27023A, ethanol solvent) was added to the specializedmedium to a final concentration of 10 μM to serve as an MMP inhibitorgroup, and 50 mM1-[4-(1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-phenyl]-3-[4-(1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-phenyl]-urea(DMSO solvent) and 10 mM CGS27023A (ethanol solvent) were added to thespecialized medium to a final concentration of 50 μM and 10 μM,respectively, to serve as a heparanase inhibitor+MMP inhibitor group,followed by culturing.

2. Electron Microscope Observations

The aforementioned skin model was cut in half after culturing, fixedwith Zamboni's fixative and post-fixed with osmic acid, followed byembedding in resin in accordance with established methods. Tissues wereobserved by preparing ultra-thin sections and staining with uranylacetate followed by observing with an electron microscope (JEM-1230,JEOL). The morphologies of the skin model cultured by adding solvents toordinary culture fluid (control group), the skin model cultured byadding only MMP inhibitor in the form ofN-hydroxy-2-[[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl](3-picolyl)amino]-3-methylbutanamidehydrochloride (CGS27023A) to the culture fluid (group A), the skin modelcultured by adding only heparanase inhibitor in the form of1-[4-(1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-phenyl]-3-[4-(1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-phenyl]-ureato the culture fluid (group B), and the skin model cultured by addingbothN-hydroxy-2-[[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl](3-picolyl)amino]-3-methylbutanamidehydrochloride (CGS27023A) and1-[4-(1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-phenyl]-3-[4-(1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-phenyl]-ureato the culture fluid (group C) were then compared. The results are shownin the following table.

TABLE 1 Continuity Formation Structural of Lamina of Anchoring FormationCharacteristics of Densa Fiber of Elastic Appearance of Dermis ModelsStructure Structures fibers Fibripositors Control Group X — — — Group AΔ — — — Group B Δ — — — Group C ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ ⊚ ⊚: Definite continuity, Δ: weakcontinuity, X: No continuity, —: not observed

Among the structures observed in normal human skin, the formation ofanchoring fiber structures was observed only in group C, namely the skinmodel in which both MMP inhibitor and heparanase inhibitor were added tothe culture fluid. In addition, the appearance of fibripositors, whichwere unable to be realized in previously reported skin models and whichplay an important role in formation of skin matrix, was also onlyobserved in group C. Moreover, the appearance of elastin, the structuresof which are formed directly beneath the basement membrane of the skinmodels, was also only observed in group C. These results indicate thatthe skin model group C approximates natural skin to a greater extentthan ever before.

The invention claimed is:
 1. Artificial skin, comprising: an epidermalbasement membrane containing a continuous lamina densa and anchoringfibers arising from the lamina densa, and a dermis containing collagenfibers; wherein the anchoring fibers arising from the lamina densa aresecurely bonded to the collagen fibers in the dermis, and wherein thedermis further comprise fibripositors.
 2. The artificial skin accordingto claim 1, wherein elastic fibers are present in the dermis. 3.Artificial skin, comprising: an epidermal basement membrane containing acontinuous lamina densa and anchoring fibers arising from the laminadensa, and a dermis containing collagen fibers, wherein the epidermalbasement membrane and the dermis are securely adhered by bonding of theanchoring fibers arising from the continuous lamina densa present in theepidermal basement membrane to the collagen fibers present in thedermis, which is produced according to a method for producing artificialskin, comprising: adding a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor and aheparanase inhibitor to an artificial skin formation culture mediumcomprising human epidermal keratinocytes and human dermal fibroblasts,culturing the cells in the artificial skin formation culture medium, andforming artificial skin.